Strategies That Are Relevant to Toyota Motor Corporation Limited Coursework

Essays on Strategies That Are Relevant to Toyota Motor Corporation Limited Coursework The paper "Strategies That Are Relevant to Toyota Motor Corporation Limited" is a brilliant example of coursework on marketing. Strategic marketing is an essential component for any company that intends to succeed in its business undertakings. Strategic marketing ensures that the company employs the right strategies in all the stages of its business circle as well as ensuring that the enterprise meets its desired goals. This paper will look into the various strategies that are relevant to Toyota Motor Corporation Limited. The strategies discussed in this paper include strategies that will enable the company sail through the various stages of its changing markets, the strategies that are available to the company is expanding its markets as well as providing the relevance of these strategies. In this regard therefore the paper is divided into six parts. The first part of the paper will look at the suitable strategic market plans available for the company. The second part will look into the growth market strategies and the share growth strategies available for market leaders and market followers respectively. The third part will focus on the strategic choices available for Toyota Motor Corporation Limited to maintain a competitive advantage in the shakeout, mature and declining markets. Part four will discuss the strategies available for the company in expansion to new markets. The fifth part will provide for the appropriateness of developing both an organizational structure and a marketing plan for implementing the company’s strategies. The final part of the paper will provide for the critical role of marketing metrics and marketing audit for implementing the marketing strategies.PART 1STRATEGIC MARKETING PROGRAMS FOR PIONEERSThe potential sources of competitive advantage that a pioneer must leverage include the first choice of market positions and segments which enables the pioneer to define the rules of the market. The pioneer must also have a distributi on advantage and possess prior experience. Additionally, economies of scale provide favorable conditions for a firm to maintain a competitive advantage in the commodity market. However, not all pioneers utilize these potential advantages and often these pioneers fail (Dhirendra, 2012, p.450). The failure to utilize these potential advantages culminates in abandoning the product category, going out of business, or acquisition before the industry matures. It is also noteworthy that a pioneer firm has greater chances for long-term success in profitability and market-share leadership when either the firm has sufficient resources, competencies and is of the right size to take complete advantage of its pioneering capacity and maintain it against later competitive entries or the new product-market is protected from the entry of competitors. There are there different strategies a pioneer can choose from and these strategies are mass-market penetration, niche penetration or skimming and earl y withdrawal.

Territorial Expansion Dbq Chart Free Essays

Territorial Expansion DBQ Chart – FINAL EXAM Doc:| What it says:| What it means:| Outside Info:| How it will be used:| A| -Federalists argue that the Constitution does not touch on territorial expansion at all. -The issue therefore, should not be touched onit will just stir the pot unnecessarily-If issue is dealt with, a war (standing army) will undoubtedly come about. -Since treaty is unconstitutional, territorial expansion is unconstitutional. We will write a custom essay sample on Territorial Expansion Dbq Chart or any similar topic only for you Order Now -Acquiring land requires an army because Louisiana territory borders Spain. If the country continues to grow, the Eastern states will not be important anymore. | -PEOPLE SHOULD STAY AWAY FROM TERRITORIAL EXPANSION. -Talking about the subject will bring up unwanted feelings between the pro anti–expansionists. -Federalists are strongly against the idea of territorial expansion. -TERRITORIAL EXPANSION= huge hassle that requires getting involved with other countries and their land. | – Death of Federalist Party-Hartford Convention| Against| B| -Majority of voters above the Maryland, Virginia line voted negative on the declaration of war. Majority of voters below the Maryland, Virginia line voted affirmative on the declaration of war. -All those in the west voted affirmative in the declaration of war. | – Most of those in the South and West voted for going to war with Great Britain while those North voted against going to war. Those who supported going to war usuall y were in support of territorial expansion. | -Madison’s Declaration of War in 1812-War Hawks| For| C| -The Cherokee had existed 200 years after Europeans came to America. They resisted white efforts to aid them, and have done so successfully. They have stayed at the same intellectual level, and are at a scientific and social standstill. The Indians are essentially too stubborn to realize they are holding themselves back. | -This shows American attitudes towards Native Americans. They saw the assimilation into white society as an improvement on the culture of the Natives, and therefore, the Cherokee’s resistance was counter-productive. | -Indian Removal Act| Against| D| -Indians were moved in indirect routes from their homes to the new Indian reservations. -The Indian Removal Act forced them out of their lands. -Indians are being forceably removed from their homes and they aren’t even being taken on direct routes to their new homes. -They had to walk an increased amount because they weren’t guided in the right routes. | -Indian Removal Act| Against| E| -This document is a map of America but it has been drawn over with an eagle. It has an eagle drawn over it because the bald eagle is the national Animal . | -The document shows the greatness and the boldness of America because the bald eagle is supposed to be great and majestic so it is supposed to symbolize the greatness of America. -Manifest destiny-Patriotism,-The annexation of Texas-Indian removal| For | F| The settlers in Oregon would open the road to India from the United States. This road was through the South Pass at the mouth of Oregon. These settlements will help commence American Asiatic trade. | Trade would flourish because of westward expansion. The settlers in Oregon particularly would cause the commencement of America’s Asiatic trade on a new and national route. | -Purpose of discovering America: trade route to India-Settlement of Oregon| For territorial expansion. Economic| G| Andrew Jackson is saying that it was patriotic, increased wealth and happiness of all classes to add Texas to the Union. Americans could also spread the Gospel, education and other aspects of American culture. | Andrew Jackson was in favor of territorial expansion, and wanted to add Texas to the Union. It would benefit all of the social classes, and American culture would be further spread. | -Acquirement of Texas-Manifest Destiny| For territorial expansion. Social| H| John C. Calhoun didn’t want to expand. He noted that it was an American mission to spread civil and religious liberty all over the world, but it was a mistake. Only some were capable of maintaining free government, and only some of those were capable of forming a durable constitution. | John C. Calhoun didn’t support westward expansion because he didn’t think free government was being forced on those who could handle it. Only people with a very high state of moral and intellectual improvement were capable of maintaining free government and forming a constitution. | -Mexico at the time (and its people)-Constitution-Address to Congress on Mexico | Against territorial expansion. Political| I| Henry David Thoreau felt that government, the only mode which people have chosen to execute their will, was liable to be abused and perverted before the people could act through it. He listed the Mexican War as a prime example. | Henry David Thoreau wasn’t a fan of the way the government worked, and felt that it was easily abused. He stated that he doubted the people would have consented to the Mexican War if the government was completely based on their will. The Mexican War was the work of a few individuals using the standing government as their tool. -Henry David Thoreau-Civil Disobedience-Mexican War| Against territorial expansion. Political | J| By every law, human and religious, America was justified in taking Cuba from Spain. The same principle justified tearing down a neighbor’s burning house if there is no other way of preserving your own home. | America had no other choice but to take Cuba from Spain, to protect itself. Cuba could easily be used a gainst the United States by Spain, and the U. S. couldn’t risk that happening. It was in America’s best interest. | -Cuban independence-Monroe Doctrine| For territorial expansion. Political| How to cite Territorial Expansion Dbq Chart, Essay examples

Assessment of Pesticides Residue in Wheat Crop in Western Australia

Question: Discuss about the Assessment of Pesticides Residue in Wheat Crop in Western Australia. Answer: Literature Review Agricultural pesticides are responsible for more than seventeen billion Australian dollars worth of crops grown annually in Australia (Deloitte, 2013). As per the report, this makes up more than sixty-five percent of Australias agriculture industry, valued at a total of twenty-six billion Australian dollars. Undoubtedly, pesticides have reduced food loss and also facilitated the provision of pristine produce for the Australian population. However, they also represent a significant risk for the health of both human and wildlife. Australian farmers primarily use herbicides, insecticides, growth promotants and fungicides as the principal forms of pesticides (Radcliffe, 2002). Glyphosate is the common pesticide in Australia whereas organophosphates are the widely-used insecticides, and several variants of fungicides and growth regulators whose use exceed 3,000 tonnes and 500 tonnes per annum (Radcliffe, 2002). According to the Crop Life Foundation of the Crop Protection Research Institut e, herbicides are key for the farming of wheat in the country (Gianessi Williams, 2011). The use of herbicides has been attributed to improving rainfall-use efficiency and increasing wheat yields (Turner, 2004). There is limited literature on pesticide residual in wheat in Australia. A search on Google scholar, EBSCOhost, and ProQuest returned minimal results on the topic, indicating how the topic has not been given significant interest in Australia. Only a single result managed to return with all the keywords wheat residues' AND Australia'. The study gives minimal information on the general problem of pesticide residue in wheat but rather concentrated on the analysis of organophosphorus pesticide (OPPs) residues in wheat (Du, Ren, Beckett, 2016). The authors state that pesticides are extensively used in the grain industry in all phases (pre- and post-harvest), and the resulting residues in food can be hazardous to man. The authors focus on OPPs, and they claim that these chemicals have the potential of causing both acute and chronic health problems. OPPs are commonly used in Australia and other developing nations due to their affordability (Johnstone, 2006). Despite the fact that OPPs unde rgo rapid degradation upon exposure to sunlight and air, low levels of the same are also known to pose a risk to human health (Du, Ren, Beckett, 2016). For the study, the authors concentrated on the analytical methods for the determination of residual levels of OPPs residue in wheat. The determination of pesticide residue in foods is a key requirement not only for the authorities in charge of food quality control but also for consumers and producers (Aguilera, Brotons, Rodrguez, Valverde, 2003). Pesticides used in the preservation of produce in pre- and post-harvest can leave potentially harmful residues. Studies conducted in other countries on pesticide residues in wheat. For instance, a study conducted in India indicate the presence of organophosphates, organochlorines, and synthetic pyrethroids above the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) (Jagadish, Jaylakshmi, Sreeramulu, 2015). Literature evidence shows that there are irrefutable laboratory and epidemiological evidence linking some pesticides with neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, carcinogenesis, respiratory diseases (asthma included), endocrine disruption, reproductive dysfunction and behavioural impairment (Jagadish et al., 2015). The presence of pesticide residuals in wheat, pulses, and rice is claimed to be one of the major routes of human exposure to organochlorine (OC) pesticides. OCs have been largely banned since they are highly persistent insecticides whose residues are classified as pollutants in both food and the environment (European Community, 1990). Synopsis Title Assessment of Pesticides Residue in Wheat Crop in Western Australia. Background As per the Western Australia Department of Health report on the management of pesticides in Western Australia, the region has a problem of pesticide residue as evidenced by the reports findings in which fruits and vegetables were found to be having residues levels which were ten times more than the acceptable national average of 1% (Garnet, 2015). This is a clear indicator that pesticide residue is a potential problem in Australia. Regardless of the inadequate Australian evidence on the existence of the same problem in wheat and other grains, the problem cannot be overlooked as there are reports all worldwide which acknowledge pesticide residue in wheat as a problem. Worse still, some of these reports involve Australian wheat, for instance, the fenitrothion scare from wheat that India imported from Australia. When under storage, Australias wheat is often treated with fenitrothion. There have been cases in which the residues of the chemical have been detected to be above the maximum r esidue limit for some countries e.g. in Indias case who detection led to a disruption of trade (Garnet, 2015). Pesticide residue in food produce (wheat products in this case) is a concern in both Europe (European Food Safety Authority, 2017) and the US (US Food and Drug Administration, 2003). Therefore, the same cannot be overlooked in Australia. Research Hypothesis Wheat from Western Australia contains pesticide residuals particularly organophosphorus and organochlorine above the nationwide permissible levels. Study design The study adopts an experimental design in which wheat from the most recent harvest from different local farmers in Western Australia will be tested for pesticide residues. Sampling technique The study will utilise 60 samples. 45 samples will be randomly sampled from 45 farms out of the WAs 4,000 wheat farms (Department of Agriculture and Food, 2017) while the remainder will be collected from different wholesale and retail markets in WA. Samples to be collected only from local produce, while the imported ones will be excluded from the study. Data collection The samples will be analysed in the lab for organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides by gas chromatography. Statistical analysis The study will adopt an analysis of variance (ANOVA) as the method of statistical analysis to examine the differences between observations of the samples. Ethics application The student will submit this application to the universitys research committee and respective committees at the Department of Agriculture and Food. Limitations of the study The study is limited in aspects that include: The study sample is insignificant compared to the entire population. The study duration is also limited as the samples collected are only from a single harvest. The analysis is also limited to the availability of the equipment and personnel. Significance of the study The study will help highlight the prevalence of problem (presence of pesticide residue in wheat) and thus serve as a call to concerned authorities to address the same. Justification of proposed synopsis Justification for the study design This study adopts an experimental design involving lab methods. To determine whether the problem really exists of wheat in the country having residual pesticides will call for evidence of the same. The only way to obtain such evidence is to conduct chemical tests in the laboratory. Samples will be collected and then tested using standard laboratory procedures and methods for gas chromatography. The experimental design is preferred as its suitable for robustly answering the posed research questions. The study seeks to establish the existence of the problem, and this can be best done using evidence collected through experimentation. An experimental design helps in determining whether a cause and effect relationship exists. Rockinson-szapkiw, (2012) justifies this by claiming that opposed to an observational study design, the experimental design allows the researcher to manipulate the variables in order to determine the variance between the variables and their associations. A lab experiment, in this case, will facilitate in the quantification of the existence of the problem. Justification for the sampling technique Samples for the study will be randomly collected. Using simple random sampling, the samples will be collected from 45 farmers. To collect the sample, the 4,000 farms will be assigned numbers, the researcher will then find random numbers and select them as the sample. The collection must be done as per lab guidelines to ensure their integrity is maintained. A random sample design is preferred since the study population (4,000 farms) is too large to be studied in its entirety. Simple random sampling gives each of the study units an equal chance to be included in the study (Bryman, 2012). Justification for the choice of data collection method The collected samples will be analysed using gas chromatograph. The method is preferred because the study involves analytical chemistry. Gas chromatography facilitates the separation and analysis of compounds that can be vaporised without decomposition. Gas chromatography is best suited in testing the purity of a substance, such as in the case of this study (Pavia, 2005) Justification for ANOVA analysis Statistical analysis will be performed using ANOVA. This helps illustrate any difference between the samples collected on the variable under study. Justification for Human Research Ethics Committee The application will not be submitted to any human research ethic committee but rather submitted to the universitys research committee. There is no need for the human research ethic committee as it is provided in the provisions by the Government of Western Australia Department of Health (2017), the committee has oversight and responsibility over the use of personal health information, which will not be in the case of this study. References Aguilera, A., Brotons, M., Rodrguez, M., Valverde, A. (2003). Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Pesticides from a Table-Ready Food Composite of Plant Origin (Gazpacho). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51(19), 56165621. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf030233k Bryman, A. (2012). Social research methods. Oxford University Press. Deloitte. (2013). Economic activity attributable to crop protection products CropLife Australia. Sydney. Department of Agriculture and Food. (2017). Western Australian wheat industry. Retrieved May 24, 2017, from https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/grains-research-development/western-australian-wheat-industry Du, X. in, Ren, Y., Beckett, S. J. (2016). An Innovative Rapid Method for Analysis of 10 Organophosphorus Pesticide Residues in Wheat by HS-SPME-GC-FPD/MSD. Journal of AOAC International, 99(2), 520526. https://doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.15-0062 European Community. (1990). EC Council Directive 90/642/EEC of 27 November 1990 on the fixing of maximum levels for pesticide residues in and on fruit and vegetables. Official J. the European Communities, L350, 71. European Food Safety Authority. (2017). The 2015 European Union report on pesticide residues in food. EFSA Journal, 15(4), 1134. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4791 Garnet, O. (2015). Pesticide residue report not cause for health safety concern: department of health. Retrieved May 24, 2017, from https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2015-07-02/pesticide-residue-report-concerns-apple-industry/6589346 Gianessi, L., Williams, A. (2011). Herbicides are Key for Wheat Farming in Australia International Pesticide Benefits Case Study No. 42, November 2011, (42), 20005. Hall, L., Campden, C. (2006). M o n i t o r i n g t h e q u a l i t y a n d s a f e t y o f g r a i n a n d g r a i n - d e r i v e d c o - p r o d u c t s d e s t i n e d f o r a n i m a l f e e d by, (387). Jagadish, G. K., Jaylakshmi, s. K., Sreeramulu, K. (2015). Evaluation of pesticide residue in rice, wheat and pulses of Bidar district Karnataka, India, 3(September), 100106. Johnstone, K. (2006). Organophosphate Exposure in Australian Agricultural Workers: Human Exposure and Risk. Queensland University of Technology. Pavia, D. L. (2005). Introduction to organic laboratory techniques: a small-scale approach (2nd ed.). Thomson Brooks/Cole. Radcliffe, J. C. (2002). Pesticide Use in Australia - A review undertaken by the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences. Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering. Victoria: aml publishing. Rockinson-szapkiw, A. J. (2012). Step 4: Selecting and Justifying Your Research Design. Amanda J. Rockinson-Szapkiw. SAS Institute Inc. (2005). Concepts of experimental design. Biostatistics for Animal , 34. US Food and Drug Administration. (2003). Food and Drug Administration Pesticide Program: 17th Annual Report - Residue Monitoring 2003. Silver Spring.

My Life As A Poet Essays - Fiction, Childrens Literature, Childhood

My Life As A Poet Are the philosophical, educational, and sociological theories of childhood reflected in literature for children? If so, how? To what extent does Aesop contribute to our understanding of many early children's books? How does the popular reading of children over the years relate to what scholars have said about the history of childhood and of children's literature? How much did early publishers influence the writing and illustrating of books for children? How does lithography and the book, illustration and design in the commercial sector contribute to our understanding of this process in publication? How does the history of the alphabet contribute to our knowledge of early children's books? To what extent does the history of American children's literature reflect the ideals and attitudes of the American experience? How has the history of children's literature been related to the teaching of reading? What are some of the design factors related to children's books? To what extent were early textbooks avenues for recreation and entertainment for children? What do the changes in versions and variants of traditional folk and fairy tales over time tell us about changing perceptions of childhood? In what ways does the Snow White site demonstrate changes over time? How has the reviewing process influenced what is made available to the child? How is the culture of childhood (family life, games, peer relationships) revealed in literature for children? What distinctions can be drawn between sentiment and sentimentality in the history of children's literature? How was gender revealed in the composition and content of 19th and early 20th century children's literature? How were minorities (religious, racial,cultural) treated in early children's literature? Compare and contrast the representation and function of 'landscape' in two or more books from this semester's reading list. What is its effect on the book as a whole? (b) Discuss the author's techniques and themes in two or more of the books on the reading list for this semester. What do the books reveal about social life and the construction of childhood/adolescence? Poetry Essays

History of Naturalization Requirements in the U.S.

History of Naturalization Requirements in the U.S. Naturalization is the process of gaining United States citizenship. Becoming an American citizen is the ultimate goal for many immigrants, but very few people are aware that the requirements for naturalization have been over 200 years in the making. Legislative History of Naturalization Before applying for naturalization, most immigrants must have spent 5 years as a permanent resident in the United States. How did we come up with the 5-year rule? The answer is found in the legislative history of immigration to the U.S. Naturalization requirements are set out in the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), the basic body of immigration law. Before the INA was created in 1952, a variety of statutes governed immigration law. Lets take a look at the major changes to naturalization requirements. Before the Act of March 26, 1790, naturalization was under the control of the individual states. This first federal activity established a uniform rule for naturalization by setting the residence requirement at 2 years.The Act of January 29, 1795, repealed the 1790 act and raised the residency requirement to 5 years. It also required, for the first time, a declaration of intention to seek citizenship at least 3 years before naturalization.Along came the Naturalization Act of June 18, 1798 - a time when political tensions were running high and there was an increased desire to guard the nation. The residence requirement for naturalization was raised from 5 years to 14 years.Four years later, Congress passed the Naturalization Act of April 14, 1802, which reduced the residence period for naturalization from 14 years back to 5 years.The Act of May 26, 1824, made it easier for the naturalization of certain aliens who had entered the U.S. as minors, by setting a 2-year instead of a 3-year interval between the declaration of intention and admission to citizenship. The Act of May 11, 1922, was an extension of a 1921 Act and included an amendment that changed the residency requirement in a Western Hemisphere country from 1 year to the current requirement of 5 years.Noncitizens who had served honorably in the U.S. armed forces during the Vietnam conflict or in other periods of military hostilities were recognized in the Act of October 24, 1968. This act amended the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, providing an expedited naturalization process for these military members.The 2-year continuous U.S. residence requirement was done away with in the Act of October 5, 1978.A major overhaul of immigration law occurred with the Immigration Act of November 29, 1990. In it, state residency requirements were reduced to the current requirement of 3 months. Naturalization Requirements Today Todays general naturalization requirements state that you must have 5 years as a lawful permanent resident in the U.S. prior to filing, with no single absence from the U.S. of more than 1 year. In addition, you must have been physically present in the U.S. for at least 30 months out of the previous 5 years and resided within a state or district for at least 3 months. It is important to note that there are exceptions to the 5-year rule for certain people. These include: spouses of U.S. citizens; employees of the U.S. Government (including the U.S. Armed Forces); American research institutes recognized by the Attorney General; recognized U.S. religious organizations; U.S. research institutions; an American firm engaged in the development of foreign trade and commerce of the U.S.; and certain public international organizations involving the U.S. USCIS has special help available for naturalization candidates with disabilities and the government makes some exceptions on requirements for elderly people. Source: USCIS Edited by Dan Moffett

Intersectionality in Feminism and Womens Studies

Intersectionality in Feminism and Womens Studies Classic theories of inequality or discrimination tend to be based on single factors: racism, sexism, classism, ableism, sexual orientation, sexual identity, etc. Intersectionality refers to the insight that these different factors do not function independently of one another, but are interconnected and interact.    In any relationship of oppression, one group experiences discrimination and the other the mirror image: privilege. A person may be oppressed and experience injustice and discrimination for belonging to one group, while being a person in the privileged position for being part of a different group.   A white woman is in the privileged position in relation to race and the oppressed position in relation to sex.   A black man is in the privileged position in relation to sex and the oppressed position in relation to race.   And each of these combinations of experience produce different experiences. A black womans experience of inequality is different from that of a white womans experience or a black mans.   Add in factors of class, sexual identity and sexual orientation for more differences of experience. The intersection of different types of discrimination produce effects that are not just a sum total of the different types. Hierarchy of Oppression Audre Lordes essay on Hierarchy of Oppressions explains a bit about this.   Note in reading this that  Lorde is not saying that everyone is oppressed, though this essay has sometimes been misused as if it says that. She is saying that where there is oppression of one group by another, and another oppression, that those two oppressions are both to be considered, and that both interact, and both matter.

Becoming Influential , Nursing Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Becoming Influential , Nursing Paper - Essay Example Because of this insensitive attitude, the atrocities against nurses in work places are increasing day by day. As a responsible citizen of the state, I feel this issue is to be brought under public scrutiny on a wider extend. Usually we get alerted only when some inhuman incident strikes the headlines. Rather than waiting for casualties let us take vigilant steps to prevent them. Implementing stringent laws, enhancing more efficient surveillance techniques, conducting awareness programs for nurses and policy makers etc has to be given serious thought to avoid such incidents in future. It is my humble request that these heinous acts need to be highlighted in your newspaper. Collaborative effort of the media and public can bring about positive changes I believe. Looking forward to hearing from you, Yours sincerely, (Name) Introduction Nursing is not just taking care of patients but a big social responsibility which most of us fail to realize. Working beyond the hospital conditions, like a poverty stricken area or a war field, a factory etc demonstrates the social commitment shouldered by a nurse which often goes unnoticed. Likewise a nurse has his/her say in every socially relevant issue. In this context, it is relevant to invite public attention to a very serious threat a nurse experience on a day to day basis. It is ‘physical workplace violence’. Why this Topic? In the present scenario, this is a topic that is worth mentioning as there are increasing number of reports of nurses being physically assaulted in and around Canada in the recent times. Because of such dreadful news coming up from every corner of the country the glory of the profession has come down of late. This can be attributed as one reason for the international shortage of nurses. As reported by Duncan, Estabrooks & Reimer (2000), verbal and physical abuse happen on a routine basis and the most unhappy fact is that 70 percent of the cases go unreported. So what we see or hear is just t he tip of the iceberg. Despite zero tolerance policies, violence at work place is not being reported and this leads to the increasing number of such incidents. Most of the time the administration takes up the role of a silent spectator and sometimes they discourage such incidents to be reported. This inadequate and irresponsible attitude of the administration worsens the issue. Nurses should realize the fact that getting assaulted is not a part of their job. They should unite and rise against not only the atrocities against them but also the deaf attitude many hospital managements take on such issues. So it is high time to raise our voice against such an injustice. How I determined the content for the message The alarming rise of atrocities against nurses in work places, both verbal and physical has become a major social menace which has been ignored by authorities. Addressing this problem was the need of the hour. According to the fifth annual report of National Advisory Council on Nurse Education and practice (NACNEP) nurses are the most assaulted workers among America’s workforce. They are exposed to violence not only from patients but from the patient’s family members and visitors. Violence can be in the form of intimidation, bullying, sexual harassment, shooting, stabbing or stalking. The report says that the psychological consequences of such assaults are shocking.

How the west was won Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How the west was won - Essay Example Through foreign treaties, political sabotage, military conquest, and digging mines, and pulling in enormous migrations of foreigners, the United States expanded greatly from coast to coast. With time, the American frontier drifted into history, and the myths of the west firmly held to the imagination of Americans and foreigners alike. From this understanding, this paper will give a detailed analysis of How the West Was Won. The outer line of settlement moved steadily towards the west from the 1630s to the 1880s, with some movements from towards the north. The ‘west’ was always the area beyond that boundary. Thus, the Midwest and parts of the American south have a frontier history with the modern western states. Politicians prioritized the west during the colonial period (Leslie 73). In terms of expansion and settlement, the English, Dutch, and Spanish happened quite differently. The Dutch traded in the Hudson River valley, taking up tracts of land, but they did not push westward. In contrast, the Britons gave priority to individual land ownership among farmers (Otten 85). Some American politicians began to argue that the United States should absorb the whole of North America. Bills were introduced into the senate, in an attempt to allow granting of free land to reward those willing to travel and claim the Rocky Mountains. Other politicians were of the opinion that such legislation would trigger war with Britain, and the bill did not sail through (Addison 4). There were several reasons, which made people risk travelling to California and Oregon. Emigrants emphasized on the importance of leaving the swamps of Mississippi, which were infested with fever. Antonie Robidoux claimed that he had never witnessed any case of fever. Stories regarding the high quality crops and the possible yields after growing spread widely. Claims were thrive that the motives, which brought

Conceptualization of the study Essay Example for Free

Conceptualization of the study Essay Traditionally since its inception, The Black Church in America has been a symbol of unity in the black community. In times of crisis it has cut across various religious positions and has served as a spiritual base camp for blacks in America for many years. It has also played a role in community participation, social activities and provided care for the sick and a place of refuge for the poor. During the civil rights movement the black community looked to the church leaders as an instrument that could effect change for their social conditions. During that time, black church leaders were influential to many of the social changes that we partake of today. Any important institution of society will have a number of roles and functions, and thus, an impact upon its membership. The Black church is no exception. In his study of the Black church, distinguished social scientist E. Franklin Frazier included a chapter, â€Å"The Black Church: Nation within a Nation,† in which he saw the church as an â€Å"agency of social control,’’ as an â€Å"economic cooperative,’’ as an â€Å"educational institution,’’ as an â€Å"arena of political life,’’ and as a â€Å"refuge in a hostile white world: (Frazier, 1964). These functions—political, economic, social, and security—all attest to the secular scope of the Black church. Some students of the Black church have supported this view of the church’s secular function. An example is Joseph Washington, Jr. (1964), referring to the work of the late Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. as an extension of the religious role of the church into the civil rights area. Although Washington viewed King’s philosophy as a perversion of the uses of Christian theology, and tended to view this activity as negative, his rationale was based on a lack of emphasis on theology in the Black church. Other writers have tended to support the view that, the function of the Black church was not so much to foster the spiritual growth of its members by its adherence to and development of the normal Christian theology of the church, as it was to serve their spiritually-related secular needs. St. Clair Drake and Horace Cayton, for instance, say in their study of the Black church in Chicago in the 1930’s: The Negro Church is ostensibly a â€Å"religious organization,’’ but Bronzeville expects it, too, to â€Å"advance the race. † Negro Baptists think of their congregation as a â€Å"Race Church,† and their leaders concern themselves with such matters as fighting the job ceiling and demanding equal economic opportunity as well as â€Å"serving the Lord. † (Drake and Cayton, 1970 Pg 167). Kelly Miller also says that the Black church â€Å" was not yet able to formulate a theological statement of its doctrine,’’ that it broke from the white church and â€Å"decided to go worship God under its own fig tree,† and in so doing, developed a distinctive orientation (Miller, 1968). Others, however, such as Gayraud S. Wilmore and James Cone, built on the Drake and Cayton notion of the Black church as a â€Å"race church. † They outlined the tendency of the Black church to be responsive to the dominant forces in the Black community by pointing to the compatibility between the â€Å"Blackness† of the church and the dominant ideologies—such as Black power—in the community (Wilmore, 1973; Cone, 1969). Assuming these notions are true, it should be possible to test a theory of the responsiveness of the Black Church. Learning more about the function of the Black church is made urgent by the increased necessity for it to be responsive to the social needs of the Black community. The nature of these social needs is made urgent by the many new problems, of this age. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM AND PURPOSE Today’s Problems which relate to the role of the church in secular activities is in its relationship to black families. The number of black families headed by black females has continued to rise over the years verses other ethnic groups. This dramatic rise may be attributed to an increase in babies born out of wedlock, divorce and separations, all of which have more serious underlying causes, and which also have ramifications on the ability to maintain adequate income for provisional needs. The church formerly was the home for many entire extended families in the Black community; as such, it played a role in establishing standards of conduct; legitimizing births, marriages, and deaths; educating and caring for children; and counseling married individuals. Consequently, the church was a resource center for the Black family, and played a role in its survival. If there are now new pressures on the family which—in addition to employment-related difficulties—threaten the survival of the family, it is also worthwhile to assess the modern role of the church and the extent to which it provides services to meet these new needs. In light of the current problems facing the Black community, it is appropriate and necessary that a new assessment be made of the various institutions within the community which played a role in its progress. PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY The purpose of this study is to ascertain the present-day role of the Black church as a community institution, particularly with respect to the views of the church’s leadership, membership, and individuals in the community. To what extent, if any, does the church leadership believe that the Black church should be involved in the community? How do church members perceive the scope of the church as it relates to non-secular activities? And to what extent do residents, especially non-church members, view the church as a community resource? IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY 1. To gain insight of how church leaders and members, perceive the role of the Black church in the 21st Century. 2. To understand the communities view of what role the church should play in the political, social and economic activities of the community. 3. To define to what extent the black church will sponsor religious and secular programs. ASSUMPTIONS This study was prepared based upon the following assumptions: 1. To assist the church in bridging the gap and being more effective in its mission to serve through its activities. 2. To broaden the awareness of church leaders and members on the needs of the black community it serves. 3. To demonstrate to local leaders the contributions the black church has to offer for the welfare of its citizens. 4. To identify church programs that shows potential for future community growth. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The study will be limited in the following way: 1. The primary focus of this study is to identify the impact of the black church in the community in which it exists. DEFINITION OF TERMS The following terms are defined to clarify their meaning in the context of study: Culture: The acquired knowledge, traits and symbols of a society Community: A group of people living in the same locally and under the same government. Secular: Not specifically relating to religion or to a religious body. METHOD OF STUDY This action research study will utilize action research, implementing quantitative research techniques. Quantitative research was selected for this study because it generates the comprehensive data needed for verification of results. ACTION RESEARCH The primary research method selected for this study is action research, because action research is concerned with improving a specific situation. Isaac and Michael validated the appropriateness of action research by confirming that it provides an organized structure to develop new skills or new approaches and so to solve problems with direct application to the classroom or working world setting. They suggested an orderly framework for problem solving and new developments that are superior to the impressionistic, fragmentary approach that typifies developments in education (1974, 13-30). Lewin, however, is credited with developing the term action research in 1944. He described the method as a cyclic operation in which the researcher is a participant in the process rather than a disinterested observer. The following steps are included in an action research study: (1) a planning or conceptualization step; (2) research or a fact-finding step; (3) an evaluation step; and (4) an execution step (1948, 34-36) Fermin and Levin in 1975 further described the research design as a preliminary and flexible strategy of investigation strategy of investigation or plan of action. The research is aimed at discovering â€Å"why,† and as a result, focuses centrally upon explaining social or political phenomena with answers of a theoretical nature. The research operates at a fuller or higher level of description, which includes making rational statements containing reasons or causes for behavior. Borg argued that action research design has as the chief benefit (1) a practical solution to a problem that may lead to a permanent improvement in the research environment; (2) it is the most appropriate method when practical significance is required rather than statistical and (3) the applicability of the finds are immediate and often of permanent improvement (1963, 319-322). QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Isaac and Michael described quantitative research as allowing the researcher to formulate research questions or hypotheses and then to test each under controlled conditions. They decided its greatest merit is the convincing nature of hard data collected that can speak for itself (1974, 354-355). PROCEDURES To conduct this study, the following actions will be taken regarding each of the objectives: First objective: To identify and report the desired behaviors required for future Christian education leaders. 1. The literature of the field will be reviewed in the following areas: (a) Biblical context, (b) Church History, and (c) contemporary ministry. 2. The findings of the literature will be reported in chapter 2. Second objective: To validate the behaviors identified in the literature review. In order for the inventory of behaviors to be comprehensive, Flanagan stated that it is necessary to obtain a sufficiently representative sample (1949, 343). a) The degree of mutuality existing among the behaviors reported will be identified with respect to the different clusters. b) The number of behaviors will continue to be reduced by combining similar behaviors and writing new descriptions without regard for specific categories. c) The final inventory of administrative behaviors will be produced by the researcher. 2. The findings of the inventory of behaviors will be reported in chapter 3. Third objective: To make appropriate recommendations on the selection and training of future education administrators. 1. The study, including the findings of objectives 1 and 2 will be reviewed and summarized. 2. Appropriate conclusions will be drawn. 3. Specific recommendation which emerge from the study will be made, including suggestions for utilization of the competency areas recommended by the study, and suggestions for further research. 4. The summary, conclusions, and recommendation including check list will be reported in chapter 4. ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY The study will be organized into four chapters in accordance with the Action Research, as table 1 displays. TABLE 1 Organization of the study based on action research Action Research Steps Chapters 1 2 3 4 Planning/Conceptualization X Fact Finding X X X Evaluation X Chapter 1 has stated the problem and purpose, explained the importance of the study, and stated the method. Chapter 2 will survey the literature to identify and report behaviors required to effectively analyze the characteristics of the church leaders, church members and surrounding neighborhood. Chapter 3 will report the validated behaviors for the role of the church. Chapter 4 will review and summarized the study, offer appropriate conclusion and discuss recommendations for change and future study. CHAPTER 2 CHARACTERISTICS We expect every church planter either black or white to be a good leader. Everyone else who knows about leader and his ministry, even including his group people expect it too. This is truly right no matter who a church planter is, may be any man or woman, may be a minister having both in church and outside of the church jobs. He may be a permanent pastor. Every church planter must enquire about his personality by self-questioning in such a personal way so that obtaining answers can help him to be sure about his decision and can help him to find out his true calling these answer can also help planter to know his future as a leader of his group. Our own understanding taught us about good leaders and leadership which we learned by working with different leaders. These leaders are the ones that people have known, read or watched about them. A successful leader has four elements including organization second program third morale and forth leadership. The greatest of four is leadership. Although morale is condition of mind and character that shows the person is brave. It also includes ability to do things with full trust on your self. The organizational element is based on morale followers; program of a church goes where the leadership goes. People have studied different kinds of leaders in secular history and in the Bible. The Lord Jesus Christ is their example as a true leader in Christian service. In the Bible God chose many people as leaders in His work for example Abraham, Noah, Nehemiah, Joseph, Paul and Daniel. Whenever the God leads anyone to think, about going into the Christian ministry he must look for a person who could demonstrate Him, what His person really used to be. A question also rises of what does God require of that person as His leader? And what it takes to be a good leader? The needed qualities of a Christian leader or a church planter should be as the Joseph had he even became a picture or copy of Jesus Christ. Josephs acts and character were good qualities for a church leader any church leader with these characteristics will definitely have success. â€Å"It is vital that counselors who collaborate with African American congregations understand that titles and the values assigned to them can be very important in the Black church and within many African American families. Counselors who do not use the formal titles of ministers, church leaders, older church members, and members who have earned doctoral degrees run the risk of hampered rapport. † (2005, 147) The God selected some of His people to be prophets, apostles, pastors, missionaries, and teachers, so that His people would be taught to serve and would become strong. This will carry on until we are united on accepting the Son of God by our faith. All the church has realized the need for leadership; they spend a big part of their life with the life of the church. People often think about the job of church leaders without attempting to connect their roles to the nature and purpose of the church. It means that church leaders become functionaries rather than ministers and become organization maintainers rather than church mission leader. But true black church leader as a person is that who uses his gifts to facilitate others in ministry, and then making suggestions and observations for implications to church. TESTIMONY OF PERSONAL CONNECTION WITH GOD When we talk about a church leader having a testimony, it proofs that God is with the leader and leader is with God. A church leader seeks a leadership ministry in Gods service and discusses his personal experience in the Christ. Sharing of a Christian testimony with others in public is the result of that personal experience. â€Å"The LORD was with Joseph, and he was a prosperous man; and he was in the house of his master the Egyptian† (Genesis 39:2) Private and public life of a church leader, as a Christian, supports his testimony and influences others to become Christian. People expect church leader to be person who follows words and prayers of God. A church leader demonstrates people by giving example of personal closeness to God in his private and public. People judge their weaknesses with the help of purposeful Christian testimony of the leader. A church leader witnesses for Christ through his hands, lips, works and entire life. STRONG CERTAINTY AS A CHURCH LEADER Certainty represents freedom and surety of fact from doubt. It means a church leader is ahead of all other people sent by God. A church leader has a sense of call to be Gods leader so it gives him a special desire for leadership ministry. It also gives him a deep faith that God has His hands in his progress. It helps in making him sure that God wants him to be a church leader. â€Å"†¦. God sent me ahead of you†¦.. to preserve for you a remnant on earth †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. it was not you who sent me here, but God† (Gen 45. 5,7,8). His firm belief gives him inner faith and courage and helps him to go through hard times in his work by staying firmly on the job until finish it according to God’s order. He does his job with dignity and proud character and blessings of the God who asked him to lead and serve. â€Å"Paul, a bond-servant of Christ Jesus, called as an apostle, set apart for the gospel of God† (Romans 1). The ministry requires church leaders to be certain of their calling as Gods leaders. INTEGRITY BEING A PART OF PERSONALITY Integrity is being truthful and honest. It also refers moral excellence and living and doing in a right manner. A church leader is true to him-self and keeps him-self pure and honorable. He knows the importance to keep integrity in front of God and people. Integrity as a needed quality for church leaders, and a church leader is free from any blame. He stands for God before his group and the people inside and outside of the church. A church planter makes a new church healthy when he has integrity in his private and public life. He knows how important it is for him to have authority as a leader, not only for just leadership but a church leader shows it in daily life. People need church leaders having integrity in their personality to teach them the difference between the right and wrong and help them choosing the right. DISTINCT CAPABILITIES When we talk about capabilities it represents fitness or ability. Distinct capability of a church leader enables him to do his job in a good manner wherever he serves people. Church leaders are good mentors they are wise and trusted persons who give advices. A church leader keeps on improving his talent by using his mentor and measuring obtaining results. People think that the greatest ability of a church leader is that, he depends only on God to avoid making mistakes in delivering his services to both God and people. Ability for church leading or planting is one of the parts of learnt talents of a church leader. USE OF AUTHORITY A church leader should use his authority properly which is given by the God and community. A church leader is not a good leader if no one is following him. People obey him because of his owning authority and their trust on his authority. Church leaders know above all else, that their power as a leader came from God. They receive authority and become God’s witnesses when the Holy Spirit appears on them. A church leader understands that his leadership power comes from the God and understands that those, whom he serves, give him authority as a leader. â€Å"A Christian does not forget that his leadership depends on responsibility that goes with authority† (2-corinthians-5:9) A church leader uses these blessings for establishing of the groups or churches, his position as a leader is to achieve success in carrying out Gods purpose. If a church leader uses his authority in a wrong or bad use then he will definitely suffer for his doings. The church leaders should not forget that their leaderships depend on responsibility and their authority goes with equal responsibility. It means they should be able to believe and precede these authorities in a reasonable manner. ACCOUNTABLE A church leader is responsible for using church assets and other resources in an appropriate manner – he should be accountable for himself. So Pharaoh said to Joseph, Im putting you in charge of the whole land of Egypt’ (Genesis 41:41). They trusted Joseph because of his self accountability. People who follow and support a church leader do not question about his plans for them. He opens his books for others to see and believes that honesty is a good policy. Church leaders spend their life on good and respected principles, the God and people expect that every church leader must have all of the qualities of Abraham, Noah, etc. A Church leader in leadership position is believed accountable and honest Christian leader. He needs to love the God’s messenger’s reports or reviews and do what they do. The reports or reviews help him to improve from good to a better leader. A church leader makes decisions according to religious possibilities; he accepts responsibility for the obtaining result of his decisions. People usually do not consider religious aspects in their routine they read religious books like open letters. A church leader knows how to make good decisions, he then lives with the decisions that he has made and accepts responsibility for his works. PLANS AND DIRECT ACTIONS A church leader knows how to plan and direct actions to avoid any mistakes being made. He formulates and deploys plans to achieve objectives – he directs the work accordingly until it finishes. He creates different questions in his mind; for example, what to do, why to do it, when to do it, how to do it, who to do, and how to finish it. A church leader’s plans are simple, people who work as group members and other people who follow him understand his plans clearly. He forms teams and give them duties so that they can work with authority and responsibility. He makes rules that people accept to follow. The God wants a church leader to share His vision with his team members and people. A good church leader knows how to put the God given plan into practice. A church leader is the person who influences his team members and leads team members to carry out the agreed objectives, by following the example of the Christ. People under him follow his way of life; a church leader gets people to act on church and mission goals, and he also ministers the need of people. A Church leader humbly realizes that he needs Gods help and needs it in developing good plans that will work for others. These working plans then successfully meet the desired goals. A church leader does not build plans for other people to merely honor them, but he does it for the good of his people with everlasting results. UNCHANGED LOYALTY A church leader demonstrates loyalty that never changes. A church leader is faithful to his promises and duties. He never finds fault in his job; people respect him as a man of God living among them. A church leader gives his life to Gods mission and purpose and spends his entire life doing it. Loyalty being a leadership quality, a church leader is always loyal to God and his people. A church leader needs loyalty to start and grow a church or group. A loyal church leader is the base of a healthy church to grow and a key element for a church to produce other churches. A church leader influences others in his ministry through his loyalty to Jesus Christ as the Savior and Lord. A loyal church leader produces loyal members he starts and finishes his job with his team very well. A successful Christian leader is always keen and willing to work with a community or groups. He has a strong desire to develop community services together. USE OF GOD’S GIFTS God has gifted all people with different abilities and characteristics. Nowadays, this divine gift directs people to serve churches, as ushers, church school teachers, financial officers, directors of food pantries, youth leaders, and in so many other roles. It all starts with gifts, which can be utilized in a variety of ways. Gifts are given by the God to everyone. The God doesn’t limit the gifts to his people, so we shouldn’t limit leadership to others. The potential to lead by using gifts for enabling others in ministry does not requires intelligence, education, economic status, age, gender, or any other human distinction. â€Å"Children and youth, as well as adults, all are gifted. Women and men, boys and girls have all been gifted which they can use in leadership of a church. It does not mean, however, that everyone should be an administrator of a church†. Gifts are several and of different nature, the variety of these gifts is much greater than churches usually realize. There are many gifts beyond the gifts that are usually used in preaching, teaching, and committee work. If one is to use all God given gifts for his leadership within a church, he/she must discover that wide range of gifts, and welcome the spirit to employ them. It is not always an easy task for a human to identify gifts since gifts have strange way of hiding themselves, particularly from those people who hold them. God’s given gifts are so much a part of our personality that people not likely to think of them as gifts. For example, if a person is a good organizer, he must recognize this specialty and take it as a gift given by God. As God’s gifts are discovered by interacting with others. However, discovering gifts is not enough because many people use there gifts haphazardly, with no attention to their development. God’s given gift’s effectiveness can be significantly enhanced through intentional development of them. For example, if a person with natural painting ability can choose not to practice or take lessons and keep his ability as hobby and keeps his gift undefined from being fully utilized for service. The church leaders provide opportunities to people for training and development of Gods given gifts. They are intentional about using these gifts of children and youth in future leadership. The church leaders encourage their members to affirm and identify one another’s gifts. People discover and experiments their gifts in an atmosphere of acceptance provided by the church leader. A church leader expands his understanding in order to be comprehensive and not neglect people’s gifts. CHURCH LEADER ENABLES OTHERS A church leader uses his gifts to enable others to discover, develops, and use their God’s given gifts. A church leader truly enables other people helping them to become God‘s intended persons. This is not a true leadership to just manipulate others to act in a certain manner. A church leader puts aside his or own ego needs and coach others in such a way that help them blossom. The key function of a church leader is to facilitate others by helping them in discovering, developing, and effectively utilizing their God given gifts. Church leaders have five essential components to enable people. These are helping them to gain knowledge, encourage personal growth, assist them in working with others, aid in skill development, and provide appropriate settings. Here the term â€Å"Knowledge† is about information of the Christian traditions, quality Bible study, the nature and mission of the church, and the expert knowledge related to particular areas of services. The personal growth includes people growth as they develop awareness of giftedness, self knowledge, and understanding of purpose, which is firmly stable in a relationship with Jesus Christ. A church leader is able to work well with others; it is an essential element of the leadership. Skills development includes effective communication, managing small group, organization, and having healthy relationships with others that is beneficial for his ministry. A church leader gives importance to people using their gifts in such circumstance that improve potential of their success. The role of a church leader is not always immediate or direct. If a person who provides nurture to young children is providing early enabling for the leadership of others. Therefore, a church leader needs to be seen in his every task in terms of how it enables people for ministry. The Church leadership as a service may be a new perception for some people, so the church needs to have deep study that explores up Jesus’ own servant leadership model. A church leader must provide opportunities and safe places for members to develop and use their God given gifts. Discovering and developing God’s gifts for people is not an end in itself. The ministry for which people are gifted is on a large scale, taking its place within and outside a church, even extends throughout the God’s world. The black church is the one place in our community where people come together and pool their resources to better minister to the church and the community (1993, 54). There are mutual ministries among church members as accepting, loving, available, supportive, and accountable community of faith. Out of the church’s boundaries, church leaders respond to human need by teaching love and hope, empowering the powerless, uplifting the poor, restoring creation, confronting all that harms persons and creation, and reconciling persons to God and one another. People note different implications for churches because the growth of effective leaders is grounded in a churchs vision of its ministry, a declaration of that vision needs not only to be created, but also acted on. Churchs involvements within and outside of the church provides a map of leadership opportunities by providing a starting point for selecting and developing leaders. COMMUNITY BEHAVIOR African American spirituality has woven collectively the best of African Anglo cultures to creatively shape their own African American identity. While black peoples have not been socially, politically or economically free in the history, the practice of spirituality has facilitated the development of different forms of cultural and spiritual freedom by interpreting, transcending and embracing, the constraints of an oppressive culture. Furthermore, the development of their own beliefs, norms, forms, practices, and structures has given rise to a culture and life that is a distinctive form of human survival, existence, and, freedom most importantly. The black churches as the centers of freedom influenced the praxis of African-American spirituality. They have become safe places where blacks gathered to embrace their combined concerns as a community of faith. They have been the only institutions in the African American experience that has continued relative independence from the domesticating influence of white pressure and overlords. Some black churches consider may be the last place to see integration due to the need to maintain a power base not available to black people elsewhere. After reviewing some aspects of worship as the context for cultural and spiritual freedom, black preaching in and out sides of the black churches are one of the most powerful expressions of freedom for black people in America. The ability to produce a soul language that defines truth into systems of meaning gives power and purpose to black people. Subsequently, Black community successfully adopts and adapts the structures of the much larger culture for their own purpose this practice comes from a double consciousness or translating. African Americans translated the experience of one kind to that of another which leading them to freedom. Therefore, black people spirituality gave freedom to the spirit and mind that the external condition could not take away. The religious approach is due to a deep faith in the sacredness of life that reaffirmed a personal dignity in blacks which resulted in the practice of nonviolence and mercy. Black community determines themselves how they responded to oppression. Various forms expressing improvisation and innovation from black soul forces constituted black culture. These forms under the subtitles black music, literature, humor, folk tales, sports, art and dance; and their worship forms under the headings of prayer, shouting, healing, dancing, singing praising and instrumental music transformation, teaching and preaching. These forms express that what is true and valuable will be determined by black community itself and will subvert and defy attempts of the larger culture to discern.

The Enduring Hero in the Works of Ernest Hemingway Essay -- Biography

The Enduring Hero in the Works of Ernest Hemingway      Ã‚  Ã‚   In his vast collection of masterpieces, Ernest Hemingway uses his own characteristics to set a moral code for his various heroes. This sportsman like code is based on the admiration of the physical virtues of courage and endurance. While not necessary for sustaining society, the code conforms the characters to one set of characteristics (McCaffery 237). One key element of this code is stoic endurance in the face of calamity. Hemingway's code heroes posses a grin-and-bear it attitude even in the most dire of tragedies and bounce back seemingly unaffected (McCaffery 237). Often Hemingway tests the moral of the character in confrontations with death, which frequently directs his plots to violent situations. The very idea of living in Hemingway's imaginative world is a test of endurance, but through his cod heroes he portrays the idea that perseverance through tragedy will result in triumph.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From an early age Hemingway was a rugged, enduring boy with an insatiable desire for action. "The father gave him his first fishing rod when Ernest was not yet three years old an his first shotgun when he was ten"(McCaffery 45). In his school years he had a strong competitive spirit and a burning wish to excel. At the age of fourteen, Hemingway persuaded his father to pay for boxing lessons. On the first day he sparred with young A'Hearn, a middleweight training for his next fight, and Hemingway was quickly knocked down with a bloody nose. Hemingway responded to the question of why he fought by saying "I wasn't that scared" (McCaffery 45). After graduation he was rejected from the army because of an injured eye. He endured this minor setback and signed up as a Red Cross a... ...aker, Carlos. Hemingway the Writer as Artist. Princeton, New Jersey : Princeton University Press, 1973. Walter, Caterway. Catherine's Role in A Farewell to Arms. Rpt in Harold Bloom Ernest Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms. Broomall, Pennsylvania : Chelsea House Publishers, 1996. Geismar, Maxwell. Writers in Crisis the American Novel, 1925-1940. Boston, Massachusetts : Houghton Mifflin, 1961. Gellens, Jay. Twentieth Century Interpretations of A Farewell to Arms. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall, 1970. Hemingway, Ernest. A Farewell to Arms. New York : Charles Scribner's Sons, 1957. _____. In Our Time. New York : Charles Scribner's Sons, 1970. _____. The Snows of Kilimanjaro and Other Stories. New York : Collier Books, 1961. McCaffery, John. Ernest Hemingway: the Man and His Works. New York : Cooper Square Publishers, 1969.

Research Paper Essay

Pharmaceutical Companies, Intellectual Property, and the Global AIDS Epidemic This case is provided at the end of chapter 3 of your text (Luthans and Doh). After reading the case, and performing research on the topic, answer the following questions: 1.) Do pharmaceutical companies have a responsibility to distribute drugs for free or at low cost in developing countries? What are the main arguments for and against such an approach? 2.) What are the principal arguments of pharma companies who oppose making exception to IPR laws for developing countries? What are the arguments by NGOs and others for a differential treatment? 3.) What impact would you expect South Africa’s decision to levy duties on drug imports from Western nations to have on the international distribution of drugs to South Africa? 4.) In June 2002, the WTO extended the transition period during which least-developed countries (LDCs) had to provide patent protection for pharmaceuticals. In your opinion, do you think this is an appropriate change in policy, or a dangerous precedent? What could be some of the negative ramifications of this resolution? What about effects for other industries? 5.) Given the initiatives announced by global development and aid organizations and among pharmaceutical companies themselves, was it necessary to relax IPR rules in order to ensure that adequate supplies of AIDs medications would be available for distribution in the developing world? 6.) What role do MNCs have in providing funding or other assistance to international organizations such as the Global Fund? Present your answers using APA-format: Eight to ten pages, double-spaced, using 12-point Times New Roman font. Also, please be sure to cite all scholarly information paraphrased or quoted from your researched sources of information on the case topic. Finally, be sure to include a separate Reference Page on which you list all of your research information sources according to correct APA citation style, depending on the kind of source: book, chapter, published article, internet article, etc. Submit this assignment to your instructor in Learning Plan 6 via the Assignment Drop Box labeled Research Paper. This assignment is worth 275 points and will be graded based on the Writing Intensive Rubric. Be sure that your paper shows multiple revisions with improved focus and clear writing for a general audience. Please remember to check your paper against the criteria in the Writing Intensive Research Paper Rubric before submitting it (see link above in this paragraph). Also, please let your Instructor know if you have any questions at all regarding producing or submitting this Research Paper assignment as the course progresses.a

The Circles of English

The Circles of English English has become one of the most important languages around the world through speaking, different accents and words. The power of this language has been determined by the important of United States as economic leader and the expansion of British colonial power explained Cristal (59). According to White, the language has different categories and barriers that make English different in the world. This author based his research on the classification of English through three different circles created by Braj Kachru.Through this essay, it will explain the different part of the Circles of English. The circles mean the barrier between English native and non-native English countries. According to Braj Kachru, the inner circle indicates where English is the primary language; United States, UK, Ireland, Canada, Australia and New Zeland, and there are 328-380 million of people who speak the language; the outer or extended circle involves countries English is not native, but it has an importance as a second language; such as, India, Singapore and Jamaica.At the end, the expanding or extending circle is non-native English, without being colonized by British Empire, but it considers as a foreign language; for example, Japan, Brazil, Italy and Russia. Therefore, the barriers in these three circles are the amount of people who speak the English language and the importance of English around the world In conclusion, it can be said that these three circles explain the main differences about the spread of English. According to Cristal â€Å"the differences of historical and social issues raised by the notion of world English are presented in these circles† (107).This means how English can affect the history of different countries. Worked Cited †¢ Cristal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. †¢ Cristal, David. English as a Global Language. 2nd. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Print. †¢ White, Ron. â€Å"Going round in circles: English as an International Language, and cross-cultural capability. † Cross-Cultural Capability Conference '97. Leeds Metropolitan University. 15-16 December 1997.

How successful had the Civil Rights Movement been by the late 1960s Essays

How successful had the Civil Rights Movement been by the late 1960s Essays How successful had the Civil Rights Movement been by the late 1960s Essay How successful had the Civil Rights Movement been by the late 1960s Essay Things like the Buss Boycott of 1955 and the lynching of Emmett Till, a fourteen year old schoolboy, really paved the way for change. People like Martin Luther King and Malcolm X were the driving force behind the civil rights movement. Although Blacks had success during the civil rights movement, the problems with racism continued in most areas. From 1964 to 1968, the average income for black families roes from $5,921 to $7,603. Despite this, the average income for white families was still $5,000 higher. Newark and Detroit were areas that still had problems. In 1967 there were terrible riots, in which, 83 people were shot dead. Blacks argued that the police used the riots as an excuse to attack them. Most of each city was burned down and many families were left homeless. This made things worse for Blacks, with most of them still living in poverty. The actual number of blacks who lived below the poverty line was 33%. Throughout this time, however, Blacks had successes as well. In 1967, Carl Stokes was elected mayor of Cleveland. He was the first black mayor elected in a major city. Also, Colin Powell became the first black chief general in the army. The civil rights movement had concentrated in trying to promote equality in the south, but in the north, the problems were still evident. In 1965 50% of blacks lived in city ghettos, with poor housing and healthcare as well as an inadequate educational system. Towards the end of 1966, the slogan Black Power became popular and a lot of blacks abandoned Martin Luther Kings ideas and joined groups like the Black Panthers. Black Panther members carried guns and many whites were frightened of them and other similar groups. Martin Luther Kings controversial murder in 1968, prompted more violence. King had been being watched by the F. B. I and they saw him as a troublemaker. Many people thought his murder was part of a major conspiracy and Blacks rioted once again with whites, claiming White America had killed Martin Luther King. Many whites were angered by these black suggestions and a backlash ensued. In a 1969 survey, 73% of whites thought blacks couldve done something about slum conditions and 55% though blacks were mainly to blame for the high unemployment rate. At the end of the 1960s, there was no turning back for blacks, whether whites liked it or not, blacks were going to pursue racial equality. Blacks are generally thought to be in a much better position in modern economy, but this isnt the case. The census bureau shows that unemployment had actually risen by 3% from 1963 to 1993. The bureau also shows that the poverty rate was still as high as 32. 7% in 1991 and that the number of discrimination complaints made by blacks from 1960 to 1990 had risen from 8,854 to 49,000. In conclusion, I believe that the civil rights movement wasnt very successful because Blacks still faced problems 30 years on and many blacks were killed during the civil rights movement, including Martin Luther King. This was because, even though the law changed, peoples attitudes did not; this was one of the reasons the civil rights movement wasnt very successful. I also think one of the factors was the timing. The civil rights laws had been put in place and many blacks wanted them to work straight away, this wasnt the case, the laws had to be given time to start making a difference. I do, however think than, at the time blacks must have felt relieved that anything was being done. As they had lived in an inferior position for so long, any change would have been welcomed.

A Biographical Sketch of William Morris Davis

A Biographical Sketch of William Morris Davis William Morris Davis is often called the Father of American Geography for his work in not only helping to establish geography as an academic discipline but also for his advancement of physical geography and the development of geomorphology. Life and Career Davis was born in Philadelphia in 1850. At the age of 19, he earned his bachelors degree from Harvard University and one year later earned his Masters degree in engineering. Davis then spent three years working at Argentinas meteorological observatory and subsequently returned to Harvard to study geology and physical geography. In 1878, Davis was appointed an instructor in physical geography at Harvard and by 1885 became a full professor. Davis continued to teach at Harvard until his retirement in 1912. Following his retirement, he occupied several visiting scholar positions at universities across the United States. Davis died in Pasadena, California in 1934. Geography William Morris Davis was very excited about the discipline of geography; he worked hard to increase its recognition. In the 1890s, Davis was an influential member of a committee that helped to establish geography standards in the public schools. Davis and the committee felt that geography needed to be treated as a general science in primary and secondary schools and these ideas were adopted. Unfortunately, after a decade of the new geography, it slipped back to being rote knowledge of place names and eventually disappeared into the bowels of social studies. Davis also helped to build geography up at the university level. In addition to training some of Americas foremost geographers of the twentieth century (such as Mark Jefferson, Isaiah Bowman, and Ellsworth Huntington), Davis helped to found the Association of American Geographers (AAG). Recognizing the need for an academic organization composed of academics trained in geography, Davis met with other geographers and formed the AAG in 1904. Davis served as the AAGs first president in 1904 and was reelected in 1905, and ultimately served a third term in 1909. Though Davis was very influential in the development of geography as a whole, he is probably best known for his work in geomorphology. Geomorphology Geomorphology is the study of the earths landforms. William Morris Davis founded this subfield of geography. Though at his time the traditional idea of the development of landforms was through the great biblical flood, Davis and others began to believe that other factors were responsible for shaping the earth. Davis developed a theory of landform creation and erosion, which he called the geographical cycle. This theory is more commonly known as the cycle of erosion, or more properly, the geomorphic cycle. His theory explained that mountains and landforms are created, mature, and then become old. He explained that the cycle begins with the uplift of mountains. Rivers and streams begin to create V-shaped valleys among the mountains (the stage called youth). During this first stage, the relief is steepest and most irregular. Over time, the streams are able to carve wider valleys (maturity) and then begin to meander, leaving only gently rolling hills (old age). Finally, all that is left is a flat, level plain at the lowest elevation possible (called the base level.) This plain was called by Davis a peneplain, which means almost a plain for a plain is actually a completely flat surface). Then, rejuvenation occurs and there is another uplift of mountains and the cycle continues. Though Davis theory is not entirely accurate, it was quite revolutionary and outstanding at its time and helped to modernize physical geography and create the field of geomorphology. The real world is not quite as orderly as Davis cycles and,  certainly, erosion occurs during the uplift process. However, Davis message was communicated quite well to other scientists through the excellent sketches and illustrations that were included in Davis publications. In all, Davis published over 500 works though he never earned his Ph.D. Davis was certainly one of the greatest academic geographers of the century. He is not only responsible for that which he accomplished during his lifetime, but also for the outstanding work done across geography by his disciples.

God of carnage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

God of carnage - Essay Example They would have probably never met each other if not their kids. The thing is on November 3 Ferdinand struck Bruno in the face and knocked out two of his teeth. This was the reason why the families of Vallons and Reilles met later that day at Vallons place to settle the case in a civilized and diplomatic manner. However, step by step the conversation between parents spun out of control and they started pointless argument screaming and swearing at each other by the end of the night. Alain is a well-to-do lawyer and Annette is a housewife who is managing the wealth of their family, as she herself characterizes herself. Michel is a second-rate wholesale dealer and his wife, Veronique is currently endeavors to write a book about Darfur, a war-ridden Sudanese province, and works at a bookshop part-time. The way Michel describes his occupation makes one feel he is a loser, "its never exactly been a bonanza" (Reza 9). Alain anticipates such a characterization by asking Michel arrogantly and without scruple on how successful he is, "Money in that, is there?" (Reza 9). Alain himself is a successful lawyer but, although he behaves quite arrogantly, he is tight-lipped and modest when being asked about his profession. As to his occupation Alains reply is confined to a couple of words, "A lawyer", which only underlines his awareness of being a well-to-do and respected man (Reza 6). However, the only thing Alain seems to care about is his job. Even Michel wife cant help telling him, "I dont understand why you dont seem to care about this", when he doesnt take an active part in bickering about his own son with her (Reza 20). Alains wife, Annette, is a woman who easily loses her temper and the little things of life often make her depressed. When the conversation between the parents went out of control and they failed to find common ground Annettes husband said that he is not